Three such orientations are proposed in this paper languageasproblem. Language planning hereafter lp refers to activities that attempt to bring about changes in the structure corpus and functions thus, status of languages andor language varieties, using sociolinguistic concepts and information to make policy decisions and to implement them, in order to deal with linguistic andor extralinguistic problems at the national. Three such orientations are proposed in this paper languageasproblem, languageasright, and languageasresource. Document resume ed 354 728 fl 020 908 author skilton. Honoring richard ruiz and his work on language planning and bilingual education by nancy h. Ethnography of language planning and policy language.
For example, multilingual policies and practices in indian higher education chapter 7. Journal of the national association for bilingual education 8. Honoring richard ruiz and his work on language planning. Sees the development and elaboration of a language resource orientation as important for the integration of bilingual education into a responsible language policy for the united states.
The dual language education program of delavandarien. Cooper 1989 defines language planning as the activity of preparing a normative orthography, grammar, and dictionary for the guidance of writers and speakers in a non. Proposes three basic orientations toward language and its role in society. Negotiating ideological and implementational spaces for. We propose that if teachers can view students l1 as a resource, as opposed to a problem, they can leverage their ellsmlls use of native language as a learning resource in the classroom. Primary language support for english language learners posted on march 03, 2011 print friendly one of the greatest strengths ell students bring to the classroom is their primary language l1. Orientations in language planning university of arizona. St encourages the study of a language, understanding that its corpus, status and acquisition are interconnected. Language issues are becoming linked with problems associated with disadvantaged groups poverty, handicap, low educational achievement, little or no social mobility. By the end of the module, students will be able to demonstrate a broad understanding of the main issues in language policy and planning, and an understanding of the complex factors that go into language planning decisions at local, national and international levels.
Mathematics teachers in bilingual classrooms deal with competing language related orientations. In preparation for defining this framework, an overview of language policy typology is important. Language planning and policy arise out of sociopolitical situations where, for example, speakers of various languages compete for resources or where a particular linguistic minority is denied access to basic rights. Available formats pdf please select a format to send. Ruiz 1984 defined orientations as the complex of dispositions toward language and its role. Ruiz discusses three main orientations in language planning. The first two currently compete for predominance in the international literature. Ruiz 1984 finds that the predominant orientations to language planning in the international literature have been languageasproblem and languageasright regardless of the fact that these two orientations are not sufficient as a basis for language planning in multilingual and. Language as a problem, a right or a resource a study of how. Considers bilingual education in framework of these orientations. Language planning also known as language engineering is a deliberate effort to influence the function, structure or acquisition of languages or language varieties within a speech community. Three such orientations are proposed in this paper language asproblem, language asright, and language asresource. Applications of language policy and planning to deaf education by sarah e. The journal for the national association for bilingual education, 82, 1534.
Richard ruiz 1984 reminds us that effective programs for ells view the primary language as a resource, rather than as a problem to be overcome. In situations where the indigenous language is also a language of wider communication lwc with high prestige. M\u00fchlh\u00e4usler p 1996 linguistic ecology language. Essentially, a problem orientation towards language draws on a model of. Language planning in deaf education pdf of slides from conference presenta. Basic orientations toward language and its role in society influence. In lpp, scholars often refer to language problems that policy and planning are meant to address. Signs of change happily, in recent years, publications, conferences and professional development materials have. According to this conceptual model, language may be alternatively viewed as a problem, a right, or a resource. Return to bilingual education explores the 20thcentury language policies that emerged after world war ii, early bilingual education programs, and the bilingual education act of 1968. Languageasaresource orientation values linguistic skills of all kinds as cultural capital, recognizing the social benefits of conserving and developing these assets source. Globalization, national identity, and multiculturalism and. Policies within some united states school systems may invoke sink or swim immersion into exclusive dominant language classrooms. Policies that aimed for cultural homogenisation, requiring abandonment by immigrants and indigenous australians of distinctive linguistic and cultural.
Over the years since ruiz first presented the tripartite orientations, they have been widely used to inform the analysis of language policy and planning lpp situations on national e. Ruiz 1984 delineates three basic frames or orientations on language and linguistic diversity. While some orientations regard bilingualism as a problem to avoid or overcome, others regard them as a resource. According to ruiz 1984, the ideological struggle that ensued in our nations school boards, school districts, and colleges of education resulted from three orientations toward language that viewed it as a problem, a right, or a resource. Although ruiz 1984 acknowledged the similarity between language orientations and language ideologies, he was reluctant to claim a perfect match between these concepts 1984, p. In richard ruizs article, orientations in language planning, he encourages us.
The language orientations of english as a second language esl instructors and their pedagogical implications for classroom language policy conference paper pdf available august 2018 with 70. This framework was used alongside ruiz s 1984 orientations to language planning which affirms language as a right, language as a problem, and language as a resource. Already in the 1980s, ruiz presented three orientations toward language planning. All informants supported a resource orientation to language, but claimed that linguistic diversity is often devalued in englishdominant locations. In 1984, richard ruiz set forth three orientations to language planning. Since that time, the orientations have only become more powerful, rising to the level of paradigm in the field of language policy and planning lpp. Pdf the language orientations of english as a second.
Language as a problem, a right or a resource a study of. Mathematics teachers in bilingual classrooms deal with competing languagerelated orientations. Ruiz language planning considerations 75 endoglossic, exoglossic, and mixed policies. The making of multilingual schools in a monolingual city. Court interpreters act of 1978, which provides an interpreter to any victim, witness, or a defendant. Sanchez invoked a language as right ideology ruiz, 1984 that acknowledges the importance of students using their primary languages to maintain and affirm. When recognized and explored, language ideologies expose how the speakers linguistic beliefs are linked to the broader social. Thirdly, this book makes important connections between translanguaging theory and the field of language policy and planning. Problems with the language asresource discourse in the promotion of heritage languages in the usa.
Orientations in language planning by cheryl gamachi. A systems model of language planning lindsay milligan university of aberdeen a systems thinking st approach to language planning has not yet been addressed in the corpus of language planning literature. Since that time, the orientations have only become more powerful, rising to the level of paradigm in the field. Endoglossic policies are those that give primacy to and promote an indigenous language of the community. N2 basic orientations toward language and its role in society influence the nature of language planning efforts in any particular context.
The replacement of swahili medium of instruction by. Applications of language policy and planning to deaf education. On this point, we turn to the distinction that richard ruiz 1984 first made about the role of native language use in the education of ellsmlls. Spolsky, 2004 while language practices refer to actual language use which is observable irrespective of the policy laid down shohamy, 2007. He defines an orientation as a complex of dispositions toward language and its role and toward languages and their role in society 1984. Language ideology also known as linguistic ideology is used within anthropology especially linguistic anthropology, sociolinguistics, and crosscultural studies, to characterize any set of beliefs about languages as they are used in their social worlds. Chapter 5 language planning darene almalki an introduction to sociolinguistics by janet holmes.
Problems with the language asresource discourse in the promotion of heritage languages in the u. Language planning and policy 15plih032 soas university. This paper attempts to survey language ineducation planning in the 1980s drawing on both formal publications and the more ephemeral but often more directky influential documents of government education departments and other authorities. The journal for the national association for bilingual education, v8 n2 p1534 win 1984. Mathematics education researchers have drawn on what ruiz 1984 called language. Language policy typology, as seen in figure 1, encourages us to look toward global perspective models of bilingual and multilingual.
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